How to Read Shakespeare Dialogue Aloud

On first sight, Shakespeare dialogue may seem daunting. Indeed, the idea of performing a Shakespeare speech fills many young actors with fear. However, you should remember that Shakespeare was an actor himself and wrote for fellow performers. Forget criticism and textual analysis because everything an actor needs is right there in the dialogue – you just need to know what you’re looking for. Shakespeare Dialogue Every line of Shakespeare dialogue is packed with clues. Everything from the imagery, structure, and use of punctuation is an instruction for the actor - so stop looking at just the words in isolation! Clues in the Imagery Elizabethan theater didn’t rely on scenery and lighting to create a scene, so Shakespeare had to carefully choose language that created the right landscapes and moods for his plays. For example, read aloud this passage from A Midsummer Night’s Dream where Puck describes a place in the forest: I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,Where oxlips and nodding violet grows. This speech is loaded with words to suggest the dream-like quality of the text. This is a clue from Shakespeare on how to read the speech. Clues in the Punctuation Shakespeares use of punctuation was very different – he used it to signal how each line should be delivered. Punctuation forces the reader to pause and slows down the pace of the text. Lines without punctuation naturally seem to gather momentum and emotional energy. Full stop (.) Full stops naturally bring the sense and energy of the line to a close.Infrequent commas (,)A comma forces a slight pause in delivery to reflect a tiny development or shift in the character’s thought process.For example, read aloud Malvolio’s line from Twelfth Night: â€Å"Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.† Did you notice how the commas forced you to pause and split this sentence into three parts?Repetition of commas (,)Commas can also cause a line to gather in emotional intensity. If you see lots of commas together, evenly spaced and splitting the lines into small snappy chunks, then this is Shakespeare’s way of asking you to emotionally invest in the dialogue and build up its rhythmic intensity, as in this example from King Lear: ... No, no, no life!Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life,And thou no breath at all? Thou’it come no more;Never, never, never, never, never.Colon (:) A colon signals that the next line should sound as if it is responding to the previous line, as in Hamlet’s â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question.† Do Not Add Punctuation If you’re reading aloud a speech written in verse, you may feel the need to pause at the end of each line. Do not do this unless the punctuation specifically requires you to do so. Try to carry the sense of what you’re saying into the next line and you’ll soon discover the correct rhythm of the speech. You should think of a Shakespeare play as a blueprint for performance. All the clues are there in the text if you know what you’re looking for – and with a little practice, you’ll soon discover that there’s nothing hard about reading Shakespeare’s dialogue aloud.

Nutrition and Health as a Dietian - 582 Words

I became fascinated by the connections between nutrition and health at the age of sixteen. My family has a history of high blood pressure, diabetes and sickle cell. I was diagnosed with sickle cell anaemia at a young age and spent periods of my childhood in and out of hospital. During my most serious sickle cell crisis, I met a dietitian who explained to me the connection between my diet and my disease. She changed my perspective on eating for the better, which sparked my ambition to aim for a career in Dietetics and Nutrition within the NHS, so that I can replicate this experience for others. My A-level subject choices have provided the academic foundations that will allow me to access this career. In Biology, I enjoyed developing my knowledge about the significant role nutrition plays in keeping our bodies healthy. The link between Psychology and my chosen degree is clear; as diet has a psychological impact on individuals and vice versa, as seen mostly in eating disorders. Sociology has enlightened me with the knowledge that the demographic of an individual, such as their social class, has an impact on their health regime. Studying Chemistry at AS-level has enabled me to gain proficient laboratory skills, which I am eager to develop. These subjects have given me the opportunity to develop my written communication and evaluation skills, which I am excited to put to use during undergraduate studies. Taking a proactive role in broadening my knowledge, I prepared anShow MoreRelatedWhat I Learned About Food Marketing856 Words   |  4 Pagesthe very bottom of the list. That was a wake-up call for me. I realized, the choices we make each time we put food in our mouths impact our daily quality of life and have a profound effect on our long-term health. I wanted to be part of the solution, and thus my journey in dietetics and nutrition began. As a teen, I worked in a scratch kitchen, where I had the unique opportunity to learn the essentials of cooking without using processed ingredients. I learned about food marketing during my work withRead MoreExternal and Personal Factors Affecting Development - Lo2 - 3.3 Level 3 Diploma3370 Words   |  14 Pagesattention span, poor coordination and failure to thrive. Each child with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is different and I would need to be patient and sensitive in my approach to care, I would need to attend relevant training and also work closely with health care professionals, Social workers and teachers. I would also need to be very aware of the difference between chronological age and mental age when choosing activities and organizing routines and boundaries. Premature Birth Personal Factors

Marketing Theory Of Products And Brands

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Theory Of Products And Brands. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview about the marketing techniques which the organization Volvo shall use in order to promote their product in the target market. Volvo is a well renowned company which is based in trading automobile vehicles in the market. Trucks, buses, marine, construction equipment, industrial engines etc.; all types of machines are supplied by the company worldwide. It was founded in year 1927 by Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson. Volvo has high revenue of 301.914 billion kr which shows that the company is running their business in large scale. Further the company wants to introduce their product Volvo XC 90, 2017 model in the market (Volvo 2018). So, the below mentioned task discusses about the marketing strategy and the target market which the company shall select to adequately position their product in the target market. Market Segmentation and target market product Segmentation Segmentation refers to the process of creating segments in the market on the basis of many factors which create differentiation in choice of people for a particular product. It is an activity which is referred as general brainstorming activity. Under this activity on the basis of geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavior factor, the customers are segregated and then targeted in the market. Further the basic motto of the company to segment their customers so as to create stronger brand name, greater market share and cross selling solutions in the business process of the company (Volvo 2018). Segmentation of the Volvo XC 90, 2017 model is discussed below: Demographics: Under this aspect the company identified the customers on the basis of age, gender, ethnicity, culture, education etc. factors. By looking at the sagacity lifestyle model, the company targeted the pre-family and family. This helped the company to provide services to the company who actually wised for it. Psychographic: Under this segmentation the company evaluated the lifestyle of the customers. This helped them to place their product correctly in the market by identifying the actual customers of the company. The company preferred to sell the products to the people who have high standards of living and likes buying luxury cars (Volvo Car Group 2018). Behavioral: Under behavioral segmentation, the company analyzed the mindset of customers while purchasing the products of their company. On the basis of attitude, Volvo targeted the customers who prefer purchasing cars to fulfill their esteem need and create position in the society. So, basically depending upon the attitude of people the company segmented them of the basis of their needs to purchase the car (von Bismarck, and Zheng 2016). Geographic: Lastly, geographic segmentation divides the market on the basis of geographical division and environmental specification. Most products of the company are sold in UK, Western Europe and Germany. So, the company shall initially launch their product in one of these markets so that the product does not face failure in its starting days. Target Market The target market selection is the following step of the segmentation process. The company shall target the customers who are fit for the company to create the brand value; as ultimately the reviews of customers only will create the goodwill of the product in the market. Further Volvo shall target the market which is most profitable for them and provide long-term value addition in the product. Thus, in this way target market selection will help he company to increase the sales and make repetitive sales in the target market (Liu, et. al., 2017). Value Proposition Value proposition refers to the process of innovating the product in such a way that its value is increased in the eyes of prospective customers present in the market. Further in context to launching the new model of Volvo XC 90, the company added that value in the product by reducing the barriers which people used to face in the old models (Evans 2013). Further the value addition details in the product are discussed below: The XC 90 model SUV truly fits the reputation of the company and is mainly designed for the households who value safety in the vehicles. The company clearly target the customers who believe that safe riding is their utmost priority. Thus the product of the company is designed in such a way that it increases the safety level of the customers. The NHTSA report stated that the ratio of rollovers in SUV is comparatively two to three times higher as compared to other passenger vehicles. This results in injuring around 27.6 per cent of people than expected (Biswas, Mukherjee, and Roy 2014). Thus in accordance to which the company implemented a Roll Stability Control System for the new models produced for SUV XC 90 cars. This process helped the reducing the roll over by designing the product in such a way and using electronic gyroscopes along with computerized breaking/suspension control. Also the vehicle was further tested by professional working in the automobile industry who said that they tried hard to roll over this vehicle but it didnt happen (Saridakis, and Baltas 2015). Further in order to improve the quality services provided by the company, the engineers looked at the fatalities which can occur with the car. After testing the car on road, the engineers designed their vehicle to match with crumple zone. And they also added details in the product while considering low profile of the passengers as well. Further comfortability of the customers is also preferred on highest priority by the company. So, the SUV is designed with extra seating capacity to carry more people in the vehicle. Also Volvo realized that while travelling some passengers feel uncomfortable while sitting in the car. So, with respect to that the company introduced third side row airbags, crumple zone and seat specially designed by children. Further ultra-luxury standards are being followed by the company which gives pleasant experience to the customers while riding and adequate safety measure as well. Thus, in this way this value addition in the product will help the company to target the customer and to the customers to gain better experiences as well (Oswald, and Oswald 2015). Product Strategy The product of the company has created an identified position in the market. This position is created by adding value in the product according to the preference of customers present in the market. So, the product strategy of the company Volvo explains the management introducing new and efficient techniques in the product so that product differentiation is created in the market and it is highly demanded by the customers as well (Lindgren, and kesson 2017). Further the product strategy of the company states that they aim on creating diversification in the product. Thus they have manufactured all type of product starting from trucks to passenger cars as well. And the company is now majorly famous for producing product which are safe and have classic style as well. The most popular segment of the company is its Sedan class in SUV segment. The aim of the company is to manufacture big boxes on wheel with special features as well (Urde 2016). Promotion Strategy The company has promoted itself along with human-centric brand strategy stating Designed around you which tells about future plan and direction which the company is aiming to develop it brand. The most important part of the process of promotion in Volvo Company is the establishment of classic design along with world class safety. As it is know that the company is famous for providing safety to the customers, so the management uses this feature as there branding and promotion strategy (Olleros 2017). Apart from that the company has also introduced mobile application in three categories that are product app, owner apps and campaign apps. These there app are differently used by people according to their requirement. Also Volvo uses the social media tools and techniques to promote their product online as well. Both online and offline measure are adequately used by the company, online through social media apps and offline by the way of magazines, newspapers etc. The company promotional st rategy is used as Volvo way to market feature. This strategy has its focus on areas like digital leadership, dealership, services and marketing tools (Hjalmarsson, Juell-Skielse, and Johannesson 2017). Place Strategy Volvo is a leader in the automobile industry, and has many segments and product lines in which they operate their business activities. In shall also be noted that the products of the company are placed in almost every part of the country. The company has high international market share as well which is up to 20% of the total market value. Further the company has its office in all big cities and is managed by branch manager. The activities of the company are initiated on large scale so with respect to that all the activities are segregated accordingly. Every branch has their own manager and management team to initiate sales and manage business activities as well (Urde, and Koch 2014). Pricing Strategy The pricing strategy of the new and efficient product served by Volvo is price sensitive along with product efficient. The company is engaged in providing premium products to the customers in the market. Volvo uses optimal pricing strategy to promote their product in the market, they differentiates the market by segmenting the customers according to their taste, preference and lifestyle. Thus, the company produces many brands and categories of products according to the demand present in the target market. Further the company is famous for providing premium quality high ended SUV cars between the price range of $25,450 and $40,800 (Volvo 2018). Effectiveness of Marketing Mix in positioning strategy of Company The process of marketing mix is used in an organization so as to gain information about the product and the marketing strategies which the organization shall use in order to promote the product in the target market. Talking about the effectiveness of the marketing mix techniques used by the company Volvo, it shall be noted that this process helped the company to promote their product in the adequate market. As XC 90 is premium product, thus the marketing techniques helped the company position the product on the high quality premium product market only. Further the marketing mix also helped Volvo to create competitiveness in the target market and attract more and more customers (Fang, and Chimenson 2017). Conclusion Thus in the limelight of above mentioned events the facts that shall be noted are that the new model of Volvo XC 90 SUV is highly efficient and competent and is expected to gain the market share as well. In the above mentioned task, segmentation process helped the company to analyse the target market which shall be targeted by the company to initiate sale of the product in the market. The marketing mix evaluates the marketing strategy which shall be initiated by the company to their basis of the product, price, place, promotion. The report adequately fulfils the requirements of the task. References Biswas, A., Mukherjee, A. and Roy, M., 2014. Leveraging Factors for Consumers Car Purchase Decisions-A Study in an Emerging Economy.Journal of Management,2(2), pp.99-111. Evans, M., 2013. Why Value Propositions Are Important (And How To Create Them). Viewed on January 8, 2018 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/markevans/2013/10/31/why-value-propositions-are-important-and-how-to-create-them/#6adde04616c0 Fang, T. and Chimenson, D., 2017. The internationalization of Chinese firms and negative media coverage: The case of Geely's acquisition of Volvo Cars.Thunderbird International Business Review. Hjalmarsson, A., Juell-Skielse, G. and Johannesson, P., 2017. Design Business Model. InOpen Digital Innovation(pp. 117-122). Springer International Publishing. Lindgren, M. and kesson, T., 2017. Long-term customer relationship: A study on how to achieve long-term customer relationship in the car retail sector. Liu, Y., Li, K.J., Chen, H. and Balachander, S., 2017. The Effects of Products Aesthetic Design on Demand and Marketing-Mix Effectiveness: The Role of Segment Prototypicality and Brand Consistency.Journal of Marketing,81(1), pp.83-102. Olleros, F.X., 2017. Business models in emerging industries: some lessons from the'Better Place'electric-car debacle.International Journal of Technology Management,75(1-4), pp.193-207. Oswald, L.R. and Oswald, L., 2015.Creating value: the theory and practice of marketing semiotics research. Oxford University Press, USA. Saridakis, C. and Baltas, G., 2015. Modeling Country-of-Origin Effects in the Car Market: Implications for Pricing. InIdeas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old(pp. 534-537). Springer, Cham. Shields, J., 2017. TP: International Business Marketing and Cultural Analysis of Sweden (TRIP). Urde, M. and Koch, C., 2014. Market and brand-oriented schools of positioning.Journal of Product Brand Management,23(7), pp.478-490. Urde, M., 2016. The brand core and its management over time.Journal of product brand management,25(1), pp.26-42. Volvo Car Group, 2018. Volvo Cars 2016 sales hit new record. Viewed on January 8, 2018 from https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/202294/volvo-cars-2016-sales-hit-new-record Volvo, 2018. Our Company at a Glance. Viewed on January 8, 2018 from https://group.volvocars.com/company Volvo, 2018. Volvo Group. Viewed on January 8, 2018 from https://implementconsultinggroup.com/our-expertise/our-clients/volvo-group/ von Bismarck, G. and Zheng, Y., 2016. Geely: A Case Study on the Trend Following Volvo-Owner. InMultinational Management(pp. 33-54). Springer International Publishing.

Job Fit free essay sample

Organizations face this critical problem which is mainly †Weak Job Fitl whereby personal skills are not well considered while hiring. Even after realizing this misfit its never admitted but both the employees and the managements try to manipulate and rise up any reasons which affects the firm productivity and effectiveness indirectly Pensee Esmat Page 6 1. 2 Problem statement: How can weak Person-Job fit affect the firm culture and efficiency negatively? 1. 3 Purpose of the study: Mainly to generate more knowledge and understanding of the weak PersonJob fit phenomena and to build theories based on its results. We need to show in this esearch the strong effect of the proper Person-Job fit and its support in managing the personal expectations and the company targets and plans following its own strategy. Human capital is one of the company assets which requires efforts to maximize its benefits by enhancing the relation between the personal and his Job duties trying to attract his attention, loyalty, love and extreme devotion which positively affects the company internal culture and external image, moreover supports in increasing its success (more market share, high profits, minimum turn over, high competences. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Fit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . tc). . 4 Research Questions What are the main reasons for positions misfit? What are the main consequences of this phenomenon? How to avoid its occurrence and lower its consequences? 1. 5 Theoretical framework: page 7 None matched caliber And / or Less efficiency Lower production Non clear Job profile Improper internal culture Negative external image Fig 1. 1 Theoratical framework Page 8 22. 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: The Person-Job fit consequences problem will be highlighted and analyzed via previous efforts done by other researchers and by studying and surveying existing ases. Most of the previous researches focused on the Job satisfaction reasons and its strong relation with the caliber fitness to the dedicated and assigned Job description. In addition to the negative effect on the organization productivity and effectiveness. Some other researches focused on how to optimize personal Job fit to their existing position or use Job rotation and position transfer for the sake of organization development. 2. 2 Terminologies definitions: Person Job fit involves the measurement of the information about a candidates suitability for the tasks that are equired for successful performance of a specific Job. It includes things such as a candidates specific skills, their levels of knowledge about specific subject matter, and their cognitive abilities. Person Organization fit is the congruence of an individuals beliefs and values with the culture, norms, and values of an organization. Job Satisfaction, it means the employee and employer Page 9 satisfaction mutually, each gives and take what is expected. Organization required to produce it. Performance, Accomplishment of a given task measured against preset standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed. KPI (Key Performance Indicators) KPIs are figures and standards that show the progress (or lack of it) toward realizing the firms objectives or strategic plans by monitoring activities which (if not properly performed) would likely cause severe losses or outright failure. Phenomena, An occurrence, circumstance, or fact that is perceptible by the senses. Vocational satisfaction, Job satisfaction. 2. 3 Person-Job fit and its relation with Job satisfaction: It had been proven via many studies that Person-Job fit affects the person Job satisfaction. Job satisfaction provides a measure of Job-specific ffect, whereas career satisfaction represents an individuals feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with an entire career. Our usage of the term _career follows Hall (1976, 4), viewing a career as the entirety of _work-related experiences and activities over the span of a persons life. Holland (1996) argued that vocational satisfaction, stability and achievement depend on the congruence between ones personality and the environment in Pensee Esmat Page 10 which one works. Fit or congruence may be realized when the behavioral expectations of a work role synchronize with the behavioral inclinations of a articular personality type. If, for example, an extraverted individual finds outlets for his/her expressive nature in the customer contact aspects of sales work, _congruence, as defined by Holland, has been achieved. The Holland model had established that personality is the single most important factor in Job choice, Job satisfaction and long term career success.

Youth crime free essay sample

This essay will critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of the theory that young people offend because of their upbringing. The term ‘upbringing’ means the care and teaching received by the child from the parent throughout their childhood. There has been extensive research and controversial debate into upbringing being the root cause of youth crime and this essay will examine evidence to support this claim and evidence to dispute it. Although it is quite subjective as to whether a bad childhood is the cause of youth crime, the fact remains that a quarter of all reported crime is committed by young offenders between the ages of ten to seventeen. Home Office statistics show more than a half of all recorded robberies (51%), a third of burglaries (32%) and a third of vehicle crimes (31%) were the result of young offenders. (Home Office, 2012) Shockingly England and Wales has more young people in custody than any other European country. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Content There are two patterns of youth offending behaviour, ‘adolescent-limited’ and ‘life course-persistent’. Adolescent-limited offending is often a result of young teenage people being influenced by their peers that they are mixing with. Teenagers are particularly vulnerable at this stage because the ability to moderate risk-taking and thrill-seeking does not fully develop until their late teens. Life course-persistent is when anti-social behaviour manifests itself earlier on and is linked to risk factors that can operate much earlier on in a child’s life, like poor parenting, abuse and neglect, and medical conditions like ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). What this information suggests is that relatively few young people who commit crime when they are in their teens go on to become prolific offenders for the rest of their life. (Moffitt, 1993) Criminal behaviour in adolescence is relatively common due to peer pressure and thrill seeking. Forty percent of offences are committed by people under sixteen about half of males and a third of females, report having committed at least one offence before the age of eighteen. (Newburn, 2002) However, offending declines rapidly after adolescence and many youth offenders do not remain offenders in adulthood. (Sutherland 1938) Strengths Many family factors have been shown to predict young offending, particularly relating to bad parenting such as harsh discipline, poor supervision and low parental involvement with the child. Evidence shows that a destructive upbringing can be damaging to the child resulting in impulsivity, attention problems, low school attainment and behavioural problems. (Farrington, 2007) A shocking statistic of twenty five percent of boys and forty percent of girls in custody say they have experienced violence at home. In July 2012 Jessica Jacobson and Amy Kirby from the Home Office published a report on the causes to youth crime. What was identified as the primary cause was poor parenting and lack of discipline from parents, schools and society; this meant that children were growing up with no respect for authority and no understanding that their actions have consequences. (Home Office, 2012) The most significant factor that influences character formation is the upbringing a child receives. Studies show that children brought up with good parents, grow up to be well rounded, responsible adults. Children surrounded by criminal family or friends during their developing years are more likely to become criminals because they build up anti-authority attitudes and the belief that offending is justified. (Farrington, 1994) Sutherland (1942) argues that criminal behaviour is socially learned behaviour. If a child is brought up within a criminal upbringing, they associate to crime and learn techniques to commit crime. Wells and Rankin’s (1991) found that delinquency was ten to fifteen percent higher among children from broken homes than those from intact homes, the range of offences were vast like underage drinking, truancy, running away from home, burglary, theft, robbery and assault. Rodgers and Pryor (1998) conducted the same experiment again seven years later and found the research findings had changed dramatically; children from broken homes were double the number at risk of delinquency than children from intact families. The theory that upbringing can cause offending is not a new phenomenon, Walter Miller in (1958) identified four reasons for over conformity to focal concerns that lead to delinquency. One reason was that boys that have fatherless or female dominated homes become delinquent because of insecurity due to unstable or broken homes and overcompensating for the lack of male role models by being masculine themselves, engaging in street fights and anti-social behaviour. Social control theory is another example of how upbringing can lead to young offending. Travis Hirschi believes that young people that commit crime and use drugs do so because they lack self-control. He suggests that lack of self-control is the result of poor parenting and families that are unable or unwilling to monitor their childrens behaviour. (Hirschi, 1969) Weaknesses Parents could be getting the blame for youth crime in a bid to avoid taking responsibility and escape punishment or sentencing. During the London riots in August 2011, David Cameron stated that parenting was to blame, but many young offenders stated that they knew what they were doing and hoped that their mothers did not find out. Research showed that rioters were going against their upbringings due to factors of boredom, opportunism and economic deprivation. In this case upbringing was not a factor it was that public services like youth clubs were cut in the area because of the austerity policy. The austerity policy is the Government cutting public services and benefits in a bid to pay back debts but this was causing crime. Poverty and social disadvantage are closely related to youth offending. It was no wonder trainer and mobile phone shops were being looted because people could afford luxury items due to deprivation, high youth unemployment, benefits cuts and child allowance being stopped. This all meant that families were struggling to survive in this double dip recession. The root cause of crime here was economic deprivation not upbringing. Another example of how upbringing is irrelevant is in Jack Katz (1988) ‘seduction of crime theory’ he argues that the real cause of juvenile delinquency is simply because they enjoy offending. He also thinks that a large portion of crime is committed because young people are addicted to it. Katzs (1988), states that at the moment of the crime, there is a transition that takes place from the choice to commit crimes rationally to a compulsion to do so. He describes how offenders are seduced by the compulsion to commit crime. Travis Hirschi (1969) social control theory states that there are several genes that are hypothesized to have an influence on the development of antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders. There has been slow progress in identifying these genes. Now, it seems that certain serotonin pathway genes may be associated with impulsiveness, antisocial, aggressiveness and violent behaviour that can lead to criminality. Conclusion It was extremely important in this essay to identify the two different types of young offending by criminologist Moffitt (1993). This is because it shows two different types of behaviour patterns and two different root causes. It confirms that some people offend because of their upbringing and others are motivated by other factors like peer pressure, economic deprivation, boredom. What this shows is that offenders are motivated by different factors. The case studies in this field carried out by criminologists like Farrington and others have only investigated the cause of youth crime from a boy’s perspective and found that upbringing is a risk factor for delinquency. With the release of youth crime figures from the Home Office (May 2012) that showed one hundred and sixty thousand crimes were committed by girls, research into the cause of female offending needs to be examined because the cause of female youth crime could be different to boys. In the 21st century society has a growing problem with girl gangs and female delinquency and the cause might not be upbringing but biology, genetics and hormones or another factor completely. Research shows that victims that suffer bad upbringings and endure physical, mental and sexual abuse can transition from victim to perpetrator. This is due to a number of factors like learnt behaviour and the perpetuating cycle of abuse. A bad childhood does not excuse serious crime but a report from the Youth Offending Team consisting of opinions from young offenders stated that unresolved problems or feelings from their childhood propelled them into offending. However some offenders use a bad childhood to blame parents, to avoid taking responsibility and a way of getting a more lenient sentence or punishment. (Ministry of Justice, 2012) Primary socialisation states that part of family life is to instil the values of right and wrong but there is not only one way to learn right from wrong. If a person receives bad instructions or advice from their parents or no advice at all, there is always secondary socialisation where they can learn a good moral compass from school, religion and society as a whole. Hirschi (1969) Stated if young people are attached to school and religion then that brings a greater level of social control. Residential instability which includes the disruption of family life and parental controls and the erosion of community solidarity for example neighbours twenty years ago were an extension of the family and maintaining social order. All this leads to social disorganisation which is the breakdown of social controls that allows crime and delinquency to flourish. On the 8th of January 2013 it was reported that a record number of parents were getting a criminal record as a punishment for letting their children play truant from school. Ten thousand parents a year are being found guilty of letting their sons or daughter miss school lessons. (Ministry of Justice)This is another example of how parents are being held responsible for young people offending. Parents will receive on the spot financial fines of sixty pounds; if they do not pay it is doubled to one hundred and twenty pounds. If parents go to court they could pay up to two and a half thousand pounds. References Youth crime free essay sample Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minors? (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory? age of majority? ). [1] Most legal systems? prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers? , and courts?. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. In recent years in the US the average age for first arrest? has dropped significantly, and younger boys and girls are committing crimes. Between 60–80% percent of adolescents? , and pre-adolescents engage in some form of juvenile offense. [2] These can range from status offenses? (such as underage smoking), to property crimes? and violent crimes?. The percent of teens who offend is so high that it would seem to be a cause for worry. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior. [2]This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, and only during adolescence. It is when adolescents offend repeatedly or violently that their offending is likely to continue beyond adolescence, and become increasingly violent. It is also likely that if this is the case, they began offending and displaying antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence. [3] Contents [hide? ] 1 Types? 1. 1 Sex differences? 1. 2 Racial differences? 2 Risk factors? 2. 1 Individual risk factors? 2. 2 Family environment and peer influence? 3 Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency? 3. 1 Rational choice? 3. 2 Social disorganization? 3. 3 Strain? 3. 4 Differential association? 3. 5 Labeling? 3. 6 Social control? 4 Juvenile delinquents diagnosed with mental/conduct disorders? 5 Prevention? 6 Critique of risk factor research? 7 Juvenile sex crimes? 7. 1 Prevalence data? 7. 2 Official record data? 7. 3 Males who commit sexual crimes? 8 See also? 9 References? 10 Further reading? 11 External links? Types[edit? ] Juvenile delinquency, or offending, can be separated into three categories: delinquency, crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts? and justice system; criminal behavior, crimes? dealt with by the criminal justice system? ; status offenses? , offenses which are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as truancy? , also dealt with by the juvenile courts. [4] According to the developmental research of Moffitt (2006),[2] there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. One is the repeat offender, referred to as the life-course-persistent offender, who begins offending or showing antisocial/aggressive behavior in adolescence (or even childhood? ) and continues into adulthood? ; and the age specific offender, referred to as the adolescence-limited offender, for whom juvenile offending or delinquency begins and ends during their period of adolescence. [3] Because most teenagers tend to show some form of antisocial, aggressive or delinquent behavior during adolescence, it is important to account for these behaviors in childhood in order to determine whether they will be life-course-persistent offenders or adolescence-limited offenders. [3] Although adolescence-limited offenders tend to drop all criminal activity once they enter adulthood and show less pathology than life-course-persistent offenders, they still show more mental health, substance abuse, and finance problems, both in adolescence and adulthood, than those who were never delinquent. [5] Sex differences[edit? ] Juvenile offending is disproportionately[6] committed by young men?. Feminist? theorists and others have examined why this is the case. [7] One suggestion is that ideas of masculinity? may make young men more likely to offend. Being tough, powerful? , aggressive? , daring and competitive? becomes a way for young men to assert and express their masculinity. [8] Acting out these ideals may make young men more likely to engage in antisocial? and criminal behavior. [9] Also, the way young men are treated by others, because of their masculinity, may reinforce aggressive traits and behaviors, and make them more susceptible to offending. [9] Alternatively, young men may actually be naturally more aggressive, daring and prone to risk-taking. According to a study led by Florida State University? criminologist Kevin M. Beaver, adolescent males who possess a certain type of variation in a specific gene? are more likely to flock to delinquent peers. The study, which appears in the September 2008 issue of the Journal of Genetic Psychology, is the first to establish a statistically significant association between an affinity for antisocial peer groups and a particular variation (called the 10-repeat allele) of the dopamine? transporter gene (DAT1). [10] In recent years however, there has also been a bridging of the gap between sex differences concerning juvenile delinquency. While it is still more common for males to offend than females, the ratio of arrests by sex is one third of what it was 20 years ago (at 2. 5 to 1 today). [11] This is most likely due to the combined effects of more females being arrested (for offenses which did not get them arrested before), and a drop in male offenses. [12] Racial differences[edit? ] This article reads like an editorial or opinion piece?. Please help improve this article? by rewriting it in anencyclopedic style? to make it neutral? in tone. See WP:No original research? and WP:NOTOPINION? for further details. There is also a significant skew in the racial statistics for juvenile offenders. When considering these statistics, which state that black and Hispanic teens are more likely to commit juvenile offenses it is important to keep the following in mind,from poverty to low parental monitoring, harsh parenting, and association with gangs, all of which are in turn associated with juvenile offending. The majority of adolescents who live in poverty are young black men, and for me its sad to even have to say that its not fair to anyone but why we have to put black men in this category. We as adults or our own community need to be more involved with our youths keep them off the streets offer more after school programs, the streets is were it all starts they see their fathers or older brothers making quick money so they want to follow but it only gets you in prison or dead. I see this first hand in my city. The most recent was an RTA driver got shot by some teenagers they quoted you have to kill a polar bear to be a full gang member, well the driver was a white man and he was shot three times and lived. hapter=Developmental criminology and risk-focused prevention |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Maguire |editor2-last=et al. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminology |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0199256098 }} Also, minorities who offend, even as adolescents, are more likely to be arrested and punished more harshly by the law if caught. [13] Particularly concerning a non-violent crime and when compared to white adolescents. While poor minorities are more likely to commit violent crimes, one third of affluent teens report committing violent crimes. [2] Ethnic minority status has been included as a risk factor of psychosocial maladaptation in several studies (e. g. , Gutman et al. 2003; Sameroff et al. 1993; Dallaire et al. 2008), and represents a relative social disadvantage placed on these individuals. Though the relation between delinquency and race is complex and may be explained by other contextual risk variables (see, for example, Holmes et al. 2009), the total arrest rate for black juveniles aged 10–17 is more than twice that as of white juveniles (National Center for Juvenile Justice 2008)(p. 1474). [14] This does not seem to be the case for the minority group of East Asian background. [citation needed] Risk factors[edit? ] The two largest predictors of juvenile delinquency are parenting style? , with the two styles most likely to predict delinquency being permissive parenting, characterized by a lack of consequence-based discipline and encompassing two subtypes known as neglectful parenting, characterized by a lack of monitoring and thus of knowledge of the childs activities, and indulgent parenting, characterized by affirmative enablement? of misbehavior authoritarian parenting, characterized by harsh discipline and refusal to justify discipline on any basis other than because I said so; peer group association? , particularly with antisocial peer groups, as is more likely when adolescents are left unsupervised. [2] Other factors that may lead a teenager into juvenile delinquency include poor or low socioeconomic status? , poor school readiness/performance and/or failure, peer rejection, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?. There may also be biological factors, such as high levels of serotonin? , giving them a difficult temper and poor self-regulation, and a lower resting heart rate, which may lead to fearlessness. Most of these tend to be influenced by a mix of both genetic and environmental factors. [2] Individual risk factors[edit? ] Individual psychological or behavioural? risk factors that may make offending more likely include low intelligence? , impulsiveness? or the inability to delaygratification? , aggression? , lack of empathy? , and restlessness?. [15] Other risk factors which may be evident during childhood and adolescence include, aggressive or troublesome behavior, language delays or impairments, lack of emotional control (learning to control ones anger), and cruelty to animals. [16] Children with low intelligence? are more likely to do badly in school?. This may increase the chances of offending because low educational attainment, a low attachment to school, and low educational aspirations are all risk factors for offending in themselves. [9][17][18] Children who perform poorly at school are also more likely to be truant? , and the status offense of truancy is linked to further offending. [15] Impulsiveness is seen by some as the key aspect of a childspersonality? that predicts offending. [15] However, it is not clear whether these aspects of personality are a result of â€Å"deficits in the executive functions of the brain? †[15] or a result of parental influences or other social factors. [19] In any event, studies of adolescent development show that teenagers are more prone to risk-taking? , which may explain the high disproportionate rate of offending among adolescents. [2] Family environment and peer influence[edit? ] Family factors which may have an influence on offending include: the level of parental supervision? , the way parents discipline? a child, particularly harshpunishment? , parental conflict or separation? , criminal parents or siblings, parental abuse or neglect? , and the quality of the parent-child relationship. [19] Some have suggested that having a lifelong partner leads to less offending. [citation needed] Children brought up by lone parents? are more likely to start offending than those who live with two natural parents. It is also more likely that children of single parents may live in poverty, which is strongly associated with juvenile delinquency. [2] However once the attachment a child feels towards their parent(s) and the level of parental supervision are taken into account, children in single parent families are no more likely to offend than others. [19] Conflict between a childs parents is also much more closely linked to offending than being raised by a lone parent. [9] If a child has low parental supervision they are much more likely to offend. [19] Many studies have found a strong correlation between a lack of supervision and offending, and it appears to be the most important family influence on offending. [15][19] When parents commonly do not know where their children are, what their activities are, or who their friends are, children are more likely to truant from school and have delinquent friends, each of which are linked to offending. [19]A lack of supervision is also connected to poor relationships between children and parents. Children who are often in conflict with their parents may be less willing to discuss their activities with them. [19] Adolescents with criminal siblings? are only more likely to be influenced by their siblings, and also become delinquent, if the sibling is older, of the same sex/gender, and warm. [16] Cases where a younger criminal sibling influences an older one are rare. An aggressive, non-loving/warm sibling is less likely to influence a younger sibling in the direction of delinquency, if anything, the more strained the relationship between the siblings, the less they will want to be like, and/or influence each other. [16] Peer rejection? in childhood is also a large predictor of juvenile delinquency. Although children are rejected by peers for many reasons, it is often the case that they are rejected due to violent or aggressive behavior. This rejections affects the childs ability to be socialized? properly, which can reduce their aggressive tendencies, and often leads them to gravitate towards anti-social peer groups. [16] This association often leads to the promotion of violent, aggressive and deviant behavior. The impact of deviant peer group influences on the crystallization of an antisocial developmental trajectory has been solidly documented. [16] Aggressive adolescents who have been rejected by peers are also more likely to have a hostile attribution bias which leads people to interpret the actions of others (whether they be hostile or not) as purposefully hostile and aggressive towards them. This often leads to an impulsive and aggressive reaction. [20] Hostile attribution bias however, can appear at any age during development and often lasts throughout a persons life. Children resulting from unintended pregnancies? are more likely to exhibit delinquent behavior. [21] They also have lower mother-child relationship quality. [22] Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency[edit? ] There are a multitude of different theories on the causes of crime? , most if not all of are applicable to the causes of juvenile delinquency. Rational choice[edit? ] Classical criminology stresses that causes of crime lie within the individual? offender, rather than in their external environment. For classicists, offenders are motivated by rational? self-interest? , and the importance of free will? and personal responsibility? is emphasized. [7] Rational choice theory? is the clearest example of this idea. Delinquency is one of the major factors motivated by rational choice. Social disorganization[edit? ] Current positivist approaches? generally focus on the culture?. A type of criminological theory attributing variation in crime and delinquency over time and among territories to the absence or breakdown of communal institutions (e. g. family, school, church and social groups. ) and communal relationships that traditionally encouraged cooperative relationships among people. Strain[edit? ] Strain theory? is associated mainly with the work of Robert Merton?. He felt that there are institutionalized? paths to success in society?. Strain theory holds that crime is caused by the difficulty those in poverty? have in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means. [7] As those with, for instance, poor educational attainment have difficulty achieving wealth and status by securing well paid employment, they are more likely to use criminal means to obtain these goals. [23] Mertons suggests five adaptations to this dilemma: 1 Innovation: individuals who accept socially approved goals, but not necessarily the socially approved means. 2 Retreatism: those who reject socially approved goals and the means for acquiring them. 3 Ritualism: those who buy into a system of socially approved means, but lose sight of the goals. Merton believed that drug users are in this category. 4 Conformity: those who conform to the systems means and goals. 5 Rebellion: people who negate socially approved goals and means by creating a new system of acceptable goals and means. A difficulty with strain theory is that it does not explore why children of low-income families would have poor educational attainment in the first place. More importantly is the fact that much youth crime does not have an economic motivation. Strain theory fails to explain violent crime? , the type of youth crime which causes most anxiety to the public. Differential association[edit? ] The theory of Differential association? also deals with young people in a group context, and looks at how peer pressure and the existence of gangs could lead them into crime. It suggests young people are motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers, and learn criminal skills from them. The diminished influence of peers after men marry? has also been cited as a factor in desisting from offending. There is strong evidence that young people with criminal friends are more likely to commit crimes themselves . However it may be the case that offenders prefer to associate with one another, rather than delinquent peers causing someone to start offending. Furthermore there is the question of how the delinquent peer group became delinquent initially. Labeling[edit? ] Labeling theory? is a concept within Criminology that aims to explain deviant behavior from the social context rather than looking at the individual themselves. It is part of Interactionism criminology that states that once young people have been labeled as criminal they are more likely to offend. [7] The idea is that once labelled as deviant a young person may accept that role? , and be more likely to associate with others who have been similarly labelled. [7] Labelling theorists say that male children from poor families are more likely to be labelled deviant, and that this may partially explain why there are more working class? young male offenders. [9] Social control[edit? ] Social control theory? proposes that exploiting the process of socialization? and social learning builds self-control? and can reduce the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial. The four types of control can help prevent juvenile delinquency are: Direct: by which punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior, and compliance is rewarded by parents, family, and authority figures. Internal: by which a youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or superego. Indirect: by identification with those who influence behavior, say because his or her delinquent act might cause pain and disappointment to parents and others with whom he or she has close relationships. Control through needs satisfaction, i. e. if all an individuals needs are met, there is no point in criminal activity. Juvenile delinquents diagnosed with mental/conduct disorders[edit? ] Juvenile delinquents are often diagnosed different disorders. Around six to sixteen percent of male teens and two to nine percent of female teens have a conduct disorder. These can vary from oppositional-defiant disorder, which is not necessarily aggressive, to antisocial personality disorder, often diagnosed among psychopaths. [24] A conduct disorder? can develop during childhood and then manifest itself during adolescence. [25] Juvenile delinquents who have recurring encounters with the criminal justice system, or in other words those who are life-course-persistent offenders, are sometimes diagnosed with conduct disorders? because they show a continuous disregard for their own and others safety and/or property. Once the juvenile continues to exhibit the same behavioral patterns and turns eighteen he is then at risk of being diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? and much more prone to become a serious criminal offender. [26] One of the main components used in diagnosing an adult with antisocial personality disorder consists of presenting documented history of conduct disorder before the age of 15. These two personality disorders are analogous in their erratic and aggressive behavior. This is why habitual juvenile offenders diagnosed with conduct disorder are likely to exhibit signs of antisocial personality disorder early in life and then as they mature. Some times these juveniles reach maturation and they develop into career criminals, or life-course-persistent offenders. Career criminals begin committing antisocial behavior before entering grade school and are versatile in that they engage in an array of destructive behaviors, offend at exceedingly high rates, and are less likely to quit committing crime as they age. [26] Quantitative research was completed on 9,945 juvenile male offenders between the ages of 10 and 18 in the 1970s. [where? ] The longitudinal birth cohort was used to examine a trend among a small percentage of career criminals who accounted for the largest percentage of crime activity. [27] The trend exhibited a new phenomenon amongst habitual offenders. The phenomenon indicated that only 6% of the youth qualified under their definition of a habitual offender (known today as life-course persistent offenders, or career criminals) and yet were responsible for 52% of the delinquency within the entire study. [27] The same 6% of chronic offenders accounted for 71% of the murders and 69% of the aggravated assaults. [27] This phenomenon was later researched among an adult population in 1977 and resulted in similar findings. S. A. Mednick did a birth cohort of 30,000 males and found that 1% of the males were responsible for more than half of the criminal activity. [28] The habitual crime behavior found amongst juveniles is similar to that of adults. As stated before most life-course persistent offenders begin exhibiting antisocial, violent, and/or delinquent behavior, prior to adolescence. Therefore, while there is a high rate of juvenile delinquency, it is the small percentage of life-course persistent, career criminals that are responsible for most of the violent crimes. Prevention[edit? ] Delinquency prevention is the broad term for all efforts aimed at preventing youth from becoming involved in criminal, or other antisocial, activity. Because the development of delinquency in youth is influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts need to be comprehensive in scope. Prevention services may include activities such as substance abuse education and treatment, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational support, and youth sheltering. Increasing availability and use of family planning? services, including education and contraceptives? helps to reduce unintended pregnancy? and unwanted births, which are risk factors for delinquency. It has been noted that often interventions may leave at-risk children worse off then if there had never been an intervention. [29] This is due primarily to the fact that placing large groups of at risk children together only propagates delinquent or violent behavior. Bad teens get together to talk about the bad things theyve done, and it is received by their peers in a positive reinforcing light, promoting the behavior among them. [29] As mentioned before, peer groups, particularly an association with antisocial peer groups, is one of the biggest predictors of delinquency, and of life-course-persistent delinquency. The most efficient interventions are those that not only separate at-risk teens from anti-social peers, and place them instead with pro-social ones, but also simultaneously improve their home environment by training parents with appropriate parenting styles,[29] parenting style being the other large predictor of juvenile delinquency. Critique of risk factor research[edit? ] Two UK academics, Stephen Case and Kevin Haines, among others, criticized risk factor research in their academic papers and a comprehensive polemic text,Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. The robustness and validity of much risk factor research is criticized for: Reductionism? e. g. over-simplfying complex experiences and circumstances by converting them to simple quantities, relying on a psychosocial focus whilst neglecting potential socio-structural and political influences; Determinism? e. g. characterising young people as passive victims of risk experiences with no ability to construct, negotiate or resist risk; Imputation? e. g. assuming that risk factors and definitions of offending are homogenous across countries and cultures, assuming that statistical correlations between risk factors and offending actually represent causal relationships, assuming that risk factors apply to individuals on the basis of aggregated data. Juvenile sex crimes[edit? ] The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with USA and do not represent a worldwide view? of the subject. Please improve this article? and discuss the issue on the talk page?. (July 2010) Juveniles? who commit sexual crimes refer to individuals adjudicated in a criminal court? for a sexual crime. [30] Sex crimes are defined as sexually abusive behavior committed by a person under the age of 18 that is perpetrated â€Å"against the victim’s will, without consent, and in an aggressive, exploitative, manipulative, or threatening manner†. [31] It is important to utilize appropriate terminology for juvenile sex offenders. Harsh and inappropriate expressions include terms such as â€Å"pedophile? , child molester? , predator? , perpetrator? , and mini-perp†[32] These terms have often been associated with this group, regardless of the youth’s age, diagnosis? , cognitive abilities? , or developmental stage?. [32] Using appropriate expressions can facilitate a more accurate depiction of juvenile sex offenders and may decrease the subsequent aversive psychological affects from using such labels. [32] In the Arab Gulf states? [sic], homosexual acts? are classified as an offense, and constitute one of the primary crimes for which juvenile males are charged. [33] Prevalence data[edit? ] Examining prevalence data and the characteristics of juvenile? sex offenders? is a fundamental component to obtain a precise understanding of this heterogeneous group. With mandatory reporting laws in place, it became a necessity for providers to report any incidents of disclosed sexual abuse. Longo and Prescott indicate that juveniles commit approximately 30-60% of all child sexual abuse. [32] The Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports indicate that in 2008 youth under the age of 18 accounted for 16. 7% of forcible rapes and 20. 61% of other sexual offenses. [34] Center for Sex Offender Management indicates that approximately one-fifth of all rapes? and one-half of all sexual child molestation can be accounted for by juveniles. [35] Official record data[edit? ] The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention indicates that 15% of juvenile arrests? occurred for rape in 2006, and 12% were clearance (resolved by an arrest). [36] The total number of juvenile arrests in 2006 for forcible rape was 3,610 with 2% being female and 36% being under the age of 15 years old. [36]This trend has declined throughout the years with forcible rape from 1997–2006 being ? 30% and from 2005-2006 being ? 10%. [36] The OJJDP reports that the juvenile arrest rate for forcible rape increased from the early 1980s through the 1990s and at that time it fell again. [36] All types of crime rates fell in the 1990s. [citation needed] The OJJDP also reported that the total number of juvenile arrests in 2006 for sex offenses (other than forcible rape) was 15,900 with 10% being female and 47% being under the age of 15. [36] There was again a decrease with the trend throughout the years with sex offenses from 1997–2006 being ? 16% and from 2005-2006 being ? 9%. [36] Males who commit sexual crimes[edit? ] Barbaree and Marshall indicate that juvenile males contribute to the majority of sex crimes, with 2–4% of adolescent males having reported committing sexually assaultive behavior, and 20% of all rapes and 30–50% of all child molestation? are perpetrated by adolescent males. [30] It is clear that males are over-represented in this population. This is consistent with Ryan and Lane’s research indicating that males account for 91-93% of the reported juvenile sex offenses. [31] Righthand and Welch reported that females account for an estimated 2–11% of incidents of sexual offending. [37] In addition, it reported by The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that in the juvenile arrests during 2006, African American male youth were disproportionately arrested (34%) for forcible rape. [36] See also[edit? ] ? Law portal? Young offender? Adolescence? Antisocial personality disorder? Deviance (sociology)? Juvenile delinquency in the United States? Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention? Person in need of supervision? Status offense? Teen courts? Victimology? Youth court? Anti-Social Behaviour Order? Conduct Disorder? Kazan phenomenon? References[edit? ] 6 Jump up^? Siegel, Larry J. ; Welsh, Brandon (2011). Juvenile Delinquency: The Core (4th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/cengage Learning. ISBN? 0534519326?. 7 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? f? g? h? Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence(8th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN? 9780073405483?. 8 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? Moffitt (2006). Life course persistent versus adolescent limited antisocial behavior. In Cicchetti, D. ; Cohen, D. Developmental Psychopathy (2nd ed. ). New York: Wiley. 9 Jump up^? Woolard; Scott (2009). The legal regulation of adolescence. In Lerner, R. ; Steinberg, L. Handbook of Adolescent psychology 2 (3rd ed. ). New York: Wiley. pp. 345–371. ISBN? 9780470149225?. 10 Jump up^? Aguilar, Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, 2000 11 Jump up^? Violence by Teenage Girls: Trends and Context? , Office of Justice Programs, U. S. Department of Justice 12 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? Eadie, T. ; Morley, R. (2003). Crime, Justice and Punishment. In Baldock, J. ; et al. Social Policy (3rd ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN? 0199258945?. 13 Jump up^? Brown, S. (1998) Understanding Youth and Crime (Listening to youth? ), Buckingham: Open University Press. Page 109 14 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? Walklate, S (2003). Understanding Criminology – Current Theoretical Debates, 2nd edition, Maidenhead: Open University Press. 15 Jump up^? Study Reveals Specific Gene in Adolescent Men with Delinquent Peers? Newswise, Retrieved on October 1, 2008. 16 Jump up^? Steffensmeier; Schawrtz; Zhong; Ackerman (2005). An assessment of recent trend in girls violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is gender gap closing? . Criminology 43 (2): 355–406. doi? :10. 1111/j. 0011-1348. 2005. 00011. x?. 17 Jump up^? Cauffman; et al. (2008). Bad boys or poor parents: Relations to female juvenile delinquency. Journal on Research on Adolescence 18 (4): 119–142. doi? :10. 1111/j. 1532-7795. 2008. 00577. x?. 18 Jump up^? Cauffman; Piquero; Kimonis; Steinberg; Chassin (2007). Legal, individual, and environmental predictors of court disposition in a sample of serious adolescent offenders. Law and Human Behavior 31 (6): 519–535. doi? :10. 1007/s10979-006-9076-2?. 19 Jump up^? Aaron, L. ; Dallaire, D. H. (2010). Parental Incarceration and Multiple Risk Experiences: Effect on Family Dynamics and Childrens Delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39 (12): 1471–1484. doi? :10. 1007/s10964-009-9458-0?. 20 ^ Jump up to:a? b? c? d? e? Farrington, D. P. (2002). Developmental criminology and risk-focused prevention.

If theres one thing Ive learned †Book Review

If theres one thing Ive learned – Book Review Free Online Research Papers If there’s one thing I’ve learned Book Review If there’s one thing I’ve learned Book Review by James Green We can all learn something from the people around us. And with that in mind, author James Green posed one broad question-If you could go back and change anything in your life, what would you do differently? That single question and its varied answers take readers on a journey into the lives of 87 people from all walks of life. Each has a true story to share. The stories are well written and capture the naked truth behind people’s regrets and triumphs. By dividing the stories categorically, the reader benefits from stories about dreams, the one who got away, careers, relationships, friends family, money, education, kindness, perspective and time. Each story is told in first person, which really helps connect the reader and story teller. Green does an excellent job of peering into other people’s reality and offering the reader wisdom, advice and important life lessons by simply allowing the person to speak openly. While the author doesn’t pass judgment on any of the storytellers, he does manage to share a few personal stories of his own, throughout the book, all of which give the reader a chance to learn the author is a pilot and someone who was once fearful, but now takes life by the horns. It’s rare that a book moves me the way in which this one did. I found myself deeply touched by a father openly regretful about breaking a promise to his young son. Years later, he and his son barely speak and as the story closes the father says, â€Å"You wanted to know if there was anything in my life I wish I could have done differently. Well, I wish I had gotten out of bed and gone fishing with my son.† Then there’s the lighthearted story of Mary, a retired school teacher who loved her career. She feels fulfilled and glad she selected a vocation that suited her. â€Å"The idea is to choose something you can be passionate about. If you can do that, then your job becomes a part of you. If you can do that, you’ll never really have a job.† Curtis, retired Commander in the U.S. Navy gives readers an eye opening reality check as he tells of a trip he spent years planning with his wife,but kept putting off. In an ironic twist of fate the trip is abruptly cancelled when his wife learns she has cancer and has only a month to live and can’t travel. Curtis honors his wife in death, by drastically changing the way he and his kids live. He says, â€Å"If there’s one thing I’ve learned, it’s that you’re not guaranteed a tomorrow. With that in mind, I’ve done some things I never would have done before. It felt good to do them too. You know, life is just too short.† I highly recommend this book for anyone. I believe it will meet you where you’re at in life. For the graduate ready to conquer the world, it offers a fair amount of practical advice and for the person who’s spent years just existing, a chance to prove it’s never too late for change. If there’s one thing I’ve learned, it’s that we truly can learn from the experience of others-good and bad. Research Papers on If there’s one thing I’ve learned - Book ReviewMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Risk Management - research technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Risk Management - research technique - Essay Example As a result, this demands a clear statement of the problem (Patton, M. Q., 2002). It is never an aimless search for something nonspecific with the hopes of coming across an incidental solution, rather it demands a clear objective and plan. Research will always underpin the current knowledge on the field with critical weightage on both the positive and negative findings, and the researcher consequently must have enough openness and reasonable flexibility to identify and analyse the true colours of the data. To be able to do this, the researcher would aim towards systematic collection and analysis of the collected data to answer the original research objectives (Babbie, E. 2004), and this is where the methodology is to be carefully selected depending on the question. This work will attempt to explore the application of methodology in researches in risk management. Over the last two decades, different authors have voiced some serious concerns about effectiveness of using the prevailing positivism that states that only authentic knowledge arising from strict scientific methods affirming theories is acceptable. Epistemology is theory of knowledge that studies a concept or a question that belongs to both truth and belief by justification through a methodical study considering that fact that there would always be limitations in any concept to arrive at the truth, so that new questions will arise. In the general sense in our specific area, this is a general term indicating knowledge from any source that can be analyzed and corroborated, questioned, authenticated, or discarded. Ontology, on the other hand, describes the basic categories of existence to define and categories of entity. This, therefore, can study conceptions of reality. An example would make these definitions clear. In the field of risk management, a search for what and how, the recognition of risk, its assessment, is epistemology. Whereas, when one desires to develop strategies to manage a given risk in order to mitigate it using managerial resources, it calls for study of the conceptions of reality so that the nature of the kn owable things are explicit, and a methodology further calibrates distinct entities that are measurable. Research grows and develops within the intellectual climate of the times. Within the last 50 years or so, there has been a gradual but notable drift from qualitative research based on conceptions of reality towards quantitative research based on logical positivist model, then a critique of the positivist model, and then a greater acceptance of qualitative research (Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. 1990). There had invariably been debate between the two schools of approaches, as to which method is the most suitable in terms of technical feasibility to arrive at the truth or reality and more importantly, these were framed in terms of epistemology: what is the best way to comprehend the world. No wonder, there is still continuing debate regarding this across the line of division since notions of epistemology rest within ontology, what is the nature of the world one wishes to know about. Quantitative Research Quantitative